Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is recognized for its fragrant spikes, which can reach lengths of 30 to 45 cm. The single-flowered varieties are more aromatic than the double types, containing 0.08 to 0.14 percent concrete used in high-grade perfumes. The flowers are versatile, used for essential oil extraction, garlands, and as cut flowers for decoration.
Tuberose holds a special position among ornamental bulbous plants due to its beauty, elegance, and sweet fragrance. It has significant economic potential in the cut flower trade and essential oil industry, leading to its widespread cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Natively from Mexico, tuberose spread globally in the 16th century. The Aztecs cultivated it over 600 years ago, and it was introduced to Europe by Spanish explorers. It became popular in Victorian gardens, known for their fragrant white flowers that bloom at night.
There are three main types of tuberose: single (one row of corolla segments), semi-double (2-3 rows), and double (more than three rows). Notable cultivars include:
| Cultivar | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Rajat Rekha | Single flowered with silvery white streaks. |
| Shringar | Single flowered, pinkish tinge, ideal for garlands, yielding about 15,000 kg/ha/yr. |
Climate: Tuberose prefers a mild climate with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C. Extreme temperatures can affect flower quality.
Soil: It thrives in well-drained loam or sandy loam soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5, rich in organic matter.
Propagation is primarily through bulbs. Dormancy can be broken using a 4% Thiourea solution. Suitable bulbs are spindle-shaped, disease-free, and 1.5 to 3.0 cm in diameter.
Essential nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Deficiencies can lead to reduced flowering and plant vigor. Common diseases include stem rot and leaf spot, while pests like grasshoppers and thrips can damage crops.
Harvest tuberose by cutting spikes at the base during cool hours. For vases, cut when the first flowers open. Proper timing is crucial to minimize weight loss during transport.
To prolong vase life, immerse cut spikes in water immediately after harvest. Use a holding solution of 2% sucrose and 300 ppm Al2(SO4)3. Proper grading and packaging are essential for maintaining quality during transport.
Flower yields range from 14-15 t/ha, with concrete yields of 8-10 kg/ha. Tuberose cultivation can enhance biodiversity and provide economic benefits through flower sales.