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Ppt on Apple: Origin, Botany, Climate Requirements And Recommended Varieties

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This presentation covers the production technology of apple (Malus domestica), an important temperate fruit crop. It includes taxonomy, origin, climatic and soil requirements, recommended varieties, major pests and diseases, and management practices. The content is structured for academic and exam preparation, emphasizing key aspects of apple cultivation. Important academic keywords: Malus domestica, chilling requirement, varieties, pest management, apple scab.
Introduction to Apple
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  • Botanical name: Malus domestica; Family: Rosaceae
  • Origin: Central Asia, including Caucasus and Hindu-Kush Himalayan region
  • Chromosome number: 2n = 34, 51, 68 (x = 17)
  • Genus Malus has about 25 species
Importance and Distribution
  • Major temperate fruit crop, rich in carbohydrates, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium
  • Introduced in India in 1865 (Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh)
  • Commercially grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
  • Also cultivated in NE states and Nilgiri hills
  • India: ~2.8 lakh ha area, ~1.77 million tonnes production
Climatic and Soil Requirements
  • Requires 1000–1600 chilling hours; low-chill varieties need 500–800 hours
  • Optimal summer temperature: 21–24°C; pollination best at 18–22°C
  • Frost-free spring, mild summer, and 100–125 cm well-distributed rainfall ideal
  • Prefers deep, fertile, loamy soils with pH 6.0–6.5 and good drainage
Taxonomic Classification and Species
  • Family: Rosaceae; Genus: Malus
  • Important species: M. domestica (edible apple), M. floribunda (flowering crab), M. baccata (Siberian crab), M. coronaria (American crab), M. angustifolia (narrow-leaved crab)
  • Crab apples used as pollinizers and ornamentals
Recommended Varieties in India
  • Early: Irish Peach, Benoni, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Mollies Delicious, Anna
  • Mid-season: Starking Delicious, Red Delicious, Rich-a-Red, Top Red, Scarlet Gala
  • Late: King Pippin, Golden Delicious, Red Fuji, Granny Smith, Mutsu
  • Spur types: Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Well Spur
  • Low-chill: Michal, Schlomit, Anna, Vered, Tropical Beauty
Notable Apple Varieties
  • Red Delicious: Large, oblong-conical, greenish-yellow with red streaks, ripens August
  • Starking Delicious: Limb sport of Red Delicious, large, conical, yellow with red stripes
  • Fuji: Pink speckled flush, crisp, juicy, late-maturing
  • Black Diamond: Rare, purple skin, grown at high altitude (Tibet)
  • Mutsu: Cross of Golden Delicious × Indo, large, green to yellow, late, good pollinizer
Pollinizing Varieties and Colour Sports
  • Pollinizers: Golden Delicious, Red Gold, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Granny Smith, Winter Banana
  • Flowering crabs (e.g., Malus floribunda) also used as pollinizers
  • Colour sports: Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Super Chief, Vance Delicious, Top Red
Major Pests: San Jose Scale
  • Scientific name: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
  • Polyphagous, sucks sap from aerial parts, reduces vigour and fruit quality
  • Symptoms: Grey overlapping scales on bark, poor fruit set
  • Management: Spray 2% dormant oil or 1.5% summer oil at appropriate stages; 0.04% chlorpyriphos after petal fall
Major Pests: Woolly Apple Aphid
  • Scientific name: Eriosoma lanigerum
  • Colonies form white woolly masses on aerial parts and roots
  • Damage: Sap sucking, gall formation, stunted growth, reduced fruit set
  • Management: Spray 0.04% chlorpyriphos in May–June and October; use resistant rootstocks (Malling Merton series)
Major Disease: Apple Scab
  • Pathogen: Venturia inaequalis
  • Symptoms: Olive green to black spots on leaves and fruits, leaf curling, fruit cracking
  • Management: Scheduled sprays of dodine, mancozeb, carbendazim, zineb at key growth stages; 5% urea post-harvest
Maturity Indices, Harvesting, and Yield
  • Apple trees start bearing from 4th year onwards
  • Maturity: Change in ground colour, seed colour, and ease of fruit detachment
  • Harvesting time depends on variety and region
  • Average yield: 10–20 kg/tree/year in well-managed orchards
Summary: Integrated Apple Production
  • Select suitable varieties and pollinizers for region and climate
  • Ensure proper chilling, soil, and water management
  • Implement regular pest and disease monitoring and control
  • Follow recommended harvesting and post-harvest practices for quality fruit
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