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Ppt on Cultivation Practices And Management Of Apple Orchards

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This presentation covers the cultivation practices of apple (Malus domestica), a major temperate fruit crop. It details origin, economic importance, botany, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation, orchard management, plant protection, and post-harvest handling. Key concepts include varieties, propagation, orchard management, disease management, and post-harvest practices.
Introduction to Apple Cultivation
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  • Apple (Malus domestica) belongs to family Rosaceae.
  • Known as the “king of temperate fruits.”
  • Major table fruit globally; widely consumed fresh and processed.
  • Originated in Central Asia; cultivated for over 4000 years.
Origin and Distribution
  • Origin: Central Asia (Kazakhstan region).
  • China is the largest producer globally.
  • In India, major states: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland.
  • Apple is the main horticultural crop in Himachal Pradesh.
Area, Production, and Productivity (India, 2001-02)
State Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘000 MT) Productivity (MT/ha)
Jammu & Kashmir 90.1 909.6 10.1
Himachal Pradesh 92.8 180.6 1.9
Uttarakhand 51.8 59.3 1.1
Arunachal Pradesh 6.7 8.5 1.3
Nagaland 0.1 0.3 3.3
All India 241.6 1158.3 4.8
Economic Importance and Nutritional Value
  • Consumed fresh; also processed into juice, jelly, cider, wine.
  • Rich in dietary fiber, vitamins (A, B1, B2, C), and minerals (P, Ca, Fe).
  • One medium apple: ~95 kcal, 0.47g protein, 4.4g fiber.
  • “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”
Botanical Description
  • Deciduous tree, 1.8–4.6 m tall in cultivation.
  • Leaves: alternate, simple, serrated margins, downy underside.
  • Flowers: white with pink tinge, 5-petaled, borne in cymes.
  • Fruit: pome type, red/yellow skin, pale flesh.
Varieties and Hybrids
  • Two types: Diploids (self-fruitful) and Triploids (require pollinizers).
  • Common diploids: Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Jonathan.
  • Triploids: Baldwin, Northern Spy.
  • Indigenous: Ambri (Kashmir).
  • Important hybrids: Lal Ambri, Sunehri, Ambstarking, Ambroyal, Ambrich, Chaubattia Princess, Ambredred.
Climate Requirements
  • Requires 1000–1500 chilling hours below 7°C for dormancy break.
  • Optimal elevation: 1500–2700 m above MSL.
  • Ideal temperature: 21–24°C during growth.
  • Needs frost-free spring, adequate sunshine, 100–125 cm well-distributed rainfall.
Soil Requirements and Propagation
  • Prefers loamy, well-drained soils, pH 5.5–6.5, rich in organic matter.
  • Gentle to moderate slope; avoid waterlogging and hardpan.
  • Propagation: vegetative (budding/grafting) on crab apple or Malling rootstocks.
  • Malling IX controls vigor; Malus baccata common rootstock in India.
Planting Practices
  • Planting season: January–February.
  • Spacing varies: low (<250/ha), moderate (250–500/ha), high (500–1250/ha), ultra-high (>1250/ha).
  • Systems: square/hexagonal (valleys), contour (slopes).
  • Pits: 1m × 1m × 1m, filled with FYM, SSP, Malathion dust.
  • Irrigate immediately after planting.
Nutrient Management
  • FYM: 10 kg/tree/year; increase with age.
  • N:P:K ratio: 70:35:70 g/year/tree (increase with age).
  • After 10 years: 700:350:700 g NPK/tree/year.
  • Correct micronutrient deficiencies (Zn, B, Mn, Ca) via foliar sprays.
Irrigation and Training/Pruning
  • Annual water requirement: ~114 cm; 15–20 irrigations/year.
  • Critical period: April–August (fruit set to development).
  • Training: modified central leader system for standard trees.
  • Spindle bush system for high-density orchards.
  • Pruning maintains balance between growth and fruiting.
Intercultural Operations and Growth Regulators
  • Weed control: glyphosate, paraquat, mulching (hay, black alkathene).
  • Intercropping: green manure crops (sunflower, beans) in early years.
  • Growth regulators: carbaryl, NAA for fruit thinning and quality improvement.
Harvesting and Yield
  • Harvest at physiological maturity; apples are climacteric fruits.
  • Maturity indices: TSS, color change, seed color, fruit firmness.
  • Yield: 40–100 kg/tree at full bearing (after 5 years).
  • Productive lifespan: up to 50 years; alternate bearing common in some varieties.
Major Pests and Management
  • Woolly aphid: use resistant rootstocks (M778, MM104, MM110, etc.).
  • Biological control: Aphelinus mali, coccinellid predators.
  • Chemical control: carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, malathion, oxydemeton-methyl, quinalphos.
Major Diseases and Management
  • Apple scab: spray schedule with mancozeb, captafol, carbendazim.
  • Use stickers (Triton/Teepol) for better spray adherence.
  • Lichens: control with quick lime spray after pruning.
Post-Harvest Management
  • Pre-cooling: remove field heat before grading and packing.
  • Grading: by size, color, quality (AAA, AA, A, etc.).
  • Storage: 4–8 months at -1.1°C to 0°C, 85–90% RH.
  • Packing: wooden boxes or corrugated fiberboard cartons (10–20 kg capacity).
Summary of Apple Cultivation Practices
  • Selection of suitable varieties and rootstocks is crucial.
  • Proper site, soil, and climate are essential for high yield and quality.
  • Integrated orchard management ensures productivity and sustainability.
  • Timely pest, disease, and post-harvest management maximize returns.
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