Ppt on Advanced Production Technologies And Management Practices For Tomato Cultivation

This presentation covers the advanced production technology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a globally significant vegetable crop. It details the origin, botanical characteristics, varietal selection, cultural practices, and integrated pest and disease management essential for maximizing yield and quality. The content is structured for academic and competitive exam preparation, emphasizing recent trends and scientific principles in tomato cultivation.
Basic Information & Introduction
  • Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum
  • Family: Solanaceae
  • Chromosome number: 2n=24
  • Origin: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia; domesticated in Mexico
  • Edible part: Whole fruit (fleshy berry)
  • Pollination: Mainly self-pollinated, hermaphrodite flowers
Origin, Distribution & History
  • First recorded in 1554, South America
  • Spread from Mexico to Europe and Asia
  • Introduced to India in 1828 by British
  • Probable ancestor: Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformae (cherry tomato)
  • Father of tomato research: Dr. C. M. Rick
Area, Production & Export
  • Global area: ~5.16 million ha; production: ~186 million tonnes (2023)
  • Top producers: China, India, Turkey, USA, Egypt
  • India: 0.88 million ha; 21 million tonnes; productivity: 23.8 t/ha
  • Major Indian states: Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat
  • Export hubs: Pune, Bangalore, Nasik, Amaravati
Importance and Uses
  • Second most important vegetable globally after potato
  • Rich in ascorbic acid (31 mg/100g), lycopene, carotenoids
  • Used fresh and processed (soup, sauce, ketchup, puree, paste)
  • Health benefits: antioxidant, anticancer, digestive aid
  • Tomato seed oil content: ~24%
Botanical Description
  • Annual herb with tap root system (depth >50 cm)
  • Stem: erect, solid, hairy, glandular; height 2–4 m
  • Leaves: compound, pinnatifid, irregularly toothed
  • Flowers: small, yellow, borne in raceme cymes
  • Fruit: fleshy berry, 2–15 cm diameter, color varies (green, yellow, red)
  • Seeds: numerous, kidney-shaped, hairy
Classification of Tomato
  • By growth habit: Determinate (bushy, self-topping, early), Indeterminate (erect, late, needs staking)
  • By fruit shape: Round, cherry, pear, oblate, etc.
  • By subgenus (Muller, 1940): Eulycopersicon (red, self-compatible), Eriolycopersicon (green, wild, self-incompatible)
Varieties and Hybrids
  • Selection criteria: yield, disease resistance, fruit quality, shelf life
  • IARI: Pusa Rohini, Pusa Ruby, Pusa Sadabahar, Pusa Uphar
  • IIHR: Arka Vikas, Arka Abha, Arka Rakshak (disease resistant)
  • IIVR: Kashi Amrit, Kashi Hemant, Kashi Aman (ToLCV resistant)
  • Hybrids: Pusa Hybrid 1, Arka Vardan, Arka Meghali
  • Processing: Punjab Chhuhara, Roma, Pusa Gaurav
  • Protected cultivation: Indeterminate types (e.g., Pusa Ruby, Arka Abha)
Climate and Soil Requirements
  • Warm season, day-neutral crop
  • Optimum temperature: 20–24°C (growth), 15–20°C (fruit set)
  • Red color (lycopene) best at 21–24°C; reduced above 27°C
  • Soil: well-drained sandy loam to clay loam, pH 6.0–7.0
  • Moderately tolerant to acid soils (pH 5.5)
Nursery Management
  • Raised beds (15 cm), 3 m x 1 m, sandy loam with organic matter
  • Seed rate: OPV 400–500 g/ha; Hybrid 125–175 g/ha
  • Seed treatment: Captan/Thiram 2 g/kg
  • Bed drenching: Captan or copper oxychloride
  • Harden seedlings by reducing water before transplanting
  • Transplant 25–30 day old seedlings with 5–6 true leaves
Grafting in Tomato
Definition: Joining scion and rootstock for improved traits
Purpose:
  • Resistance to soil-borne diseases and pests
  • Tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, temperature)
  • Increased yield and fruit quality
Examples:
  • Brimato: Tomato scion on brinjal rootstock (bacterial wilt resistance)
  • Pomato: Tomato scion on potato rootstock (dual harvest)
Land Preparation and Planting
  • Deep ploughing (20–30 cm), followed by harrowing for fine tilth
  • Soil solarization (optional) for pest and disease control
  • Spacing: Determinate 60 x 45 cm; Indeterminate 90 x 60 cm
  • Transplanting: Kharif (July), Rabi (Oct–Nov), Summer (Feb–March)
Nutrient and Water Management
  • FYM: 350 q/ha; N:P:K for OPV: 120:80:100 kg/ha; Hybrid: 200:100:120 kg/ha
  • Apply ½ N and all P, K, FYM at planting; rest N as top dressing
  • Mulching (25 micron) increases yield by 45–50%
  • Drip irrigation saves water (up to 42%) and increases yield (up to 60%)
  • Water requirement: 60 L/kg (open field), 4–22 L/kg (greenhouse)
Cultural Practices
  • Weeding: 2 hand hoeings + earthing up
  • Pre-emergence herbicides: metribuzin, fluchloralin, pendimethalin
  • Staking: improves yield and fruit quality in indeterminate types
  • Training: single, two, or three stem systems
  • Pruning: remove lateral suckers, maintain 2 stems, every 8–10 days
Harvesting, Grading, and Storage
  • Harvest at breaker or half-red stage; first harvest at 70–85 days after transplanting
  • Grading by color, size, maturity (Super A, Super, Fancy, Commercial)
  • Storage: 12–15°C, 85–90% RH; mature green: up to 30 days, ripe: 10 days
  • Yield: OPV 200–350 q/ha; Hybrid 600–750 q/ha
Physiological Disorders
Fruit Cracking
  • Causes: irregular irrigation, moisture stress, boron deficiency
  • Control: regular irrigation, borax spray, resistant varieties
Blossom End Rot
  • Caused by calcium deficiency
  • Control: spray CaCl₂ 0.5%, balanced irrigation
Puffiness
  • Causes: poor fertilization, high N, high temp
  • Control: 4-CPA/CPPU spray, balanced nutrition
Sun Scald
  • Due to fruit exposure; avoid excessive pruning in summer
Blotchy Ripening, Cat Face, Golden Flakes
  • Due to nutrient imbalance, abnormal growth conditions
Major Insect Pests and Management
Thrips (Thrips tabaci)
  • Yellow sticky traps, Chrysoperla release, methyl demeton/dimethoate spray
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
  • Remove infected plants, sticky traps, carbofuran, dimethoate/malathion spray
Leaf Miner (Liriomyza trifolii)
  • Destroy mined leaves, NSKE 5% spray
Pinworm (Tuta absoluta)
  • Pheromone traps, healthy seedlings, neem/Flubendiamide/Indoxacarb spray
Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
  • Trap crops, pheromone traps, Trichogramma release, Bt spray
Major Diseases and Management
Damping Off (Pythium aphanidermatum)
  • Raised beds, seed treatment (Trichoderma/Thiram), copper oxychloride drench
Early Blight (Alternaria solani)
  • Remove debris, crop rotation, Mancozeb spray
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)
  • Remove infected plants, crop rotation, copper oxychloride/Bordeaux mixture
Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici)
  • Remove infected plants, Carbendazim drench, crop rotation
Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)
  • Crop rotation, resistant varieties (Arka Abha, Arka Rakshak)
Mosaic (TMV)
  • Disease-free seed, crop rotation, trisodium phosphate seed soak, vector control
Leaf Curl (ToLCV)
  • Sticky traps, barrier crops, Imidacloprid/Dimethoate spray
Summary: Integrated Management for High Yield
  • Use high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties and hybrids
  • Adopt proper nursery, land, and nutrient management
  • Implement grafting and protected cultivation for stress-prone areas
  • Practice regular irrigation, mulching, and weed control
  • Monitor and manage pests and diseases using IPM
  • Harvest and store fruits at optimal maturity and conditions

Objective Questions

Q1. Which variety of tomato is specifically resistant to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and bacterial wilt?
A. Arka Vardan
B. Arka Ananya
C. Pusa Rohini
D. Kashi Vishesh
Answer: B

Q2. What is the ideal temperature range for maximum lycopene production in tomato fruits?
A. 10-15°C
B. 18-20°C
C. 21-24°C
D. 27-30°C
Answer: C

Q3. Which physiological disorder in tomato is primarily caused by calcium deficiency?
A. Fruit cracking
B. Puffiness
C. Blossom end rot
D. Sun scald
Answer: C

Q4. Which of the following is a wild species of tomato resistant to salt?
A. S. pennellii
B. S. cheesmani
C. S. chilense
D. S. peruvianum
Answer: B

Q5. For nursery raising of hybrid tomato, what is the recommended seed rate per hectare?
A. 400-500g
B. 125-175g
C. 200-250g
D. 50-75g
Answer: B

Q6. Which training system is commonly used for tomato plants to maintain balance between vegetative growth and production?
A. Single stem
B. Two stem
C. Three stem
D. Four stem
Answer: B

Q7. Which chemical is recommended for pre-emergence weed control in tomato at 1.0 kg/ha?
A. Fluchloralin
B. Pendimethalin
C. Metribuzin
D. Glyphosate
Answer: B

Q8. Which hybrid tomato variety is resistant to root knot nematode?
A. Arka Meghali
B. Arka Vardan
C. Pusa Hybrid-1
D. Kashi Aman
Answer: B

Q9. What is the main cause of blotchy ripening in tomato fruits?
A. Boron deficiency
B. Calcium deficiency
C. Imbalance of nitrogen and potassium
D. High temperature
Answer: C

Q10. Which pest is managed by releasing Trichogramma at 1 lakh per hectare at 7-day intervals?
A. Thrips
B. Fruit borer
C. Pinworm
D. Leaf miner
Answer: B