This presentation covers the post-harvest management and value addition of apple, a major temperate fruit crop. It discusses harvesting, handling, storage, and processing techniques to reduce losses and enhance market value. Emphasis is placed on best practices for maintaining fruit quality and increasing profitability. Important academic keywords: post-harvest, storage, grading, value addition, processing.
Tag: apple
Ppt on Major Diseases Of Apple And Their Management Strategies
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This presentation covers major diseases of apple, focusing on their causal agents, symptoms, disease cycles, and management strategies. Emphasis is placed on accurate identification and integrated management for sustainable apple production. Key topics include apple scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, and crown gall. Important academic keywords: pathogen, symptoms, disease cycle, management, resistant varieties.
Introduction to Apple Diseases
- Apple is susceptible to various fungal, bacterial, and physiological diseases.
- Major diseases impact yield, fruit quality, and tree longevity.
- Effective management requires understanding pathogen biology and disease cycles.
- Integrated approaches combine cultural, chemical, and genetic methods.
Apple Scab – Pathogen and Distribution
- Caused by Venturia inaequalis (fungus).
- First reported in Sweden (1819); in India, Kashmir valley (1935).
- Most economically important apple disease worldwide.
Apple Scab – Symptoms
- Black, circular, velvety spots on upper leaf surface; may coalesce.
- Leaves become twisted, yellow, and may drop prematurely.
- Fruits develop sooty, gray-black lesions, later sunken and tan.
- Infected fruits may crack and become deformed; young fruits may drop.
Apple Scab – Disease Cycle and Spread
- Primary inoculum: ascospores from fallen leaves in spring.
- Ascospores dispersed by wind and rain during wet periods.
- Secondary spread: conidia dispersed by wind and rain.
Apple Scab – Management
- Sanitation: remove and destroy fallen leaves.
- Use resistant varieties: Emira, Redfree, Ambstraking, Ambroyal, Ambrich, Ambred.
- Fungicide sprays: captan (0.2%), dodine (0.25%) after petal fall.
- Apply difolatan (0.3%) at green bud stage, followed by captan at petal fall.
Powdery Mildew – Pathogen and Symptoms
- Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (fungus).
- White or grey powdery patches on young leaves, shoots, and fruits.
- Leaves become narrow, curled; twigs covered with powdery mass.
- Fruits remain small, deformed, with roughened surface.
Powdery Mildew – Disease Cycle and Management
- Overwinters as mycelium in buds; spreads by wind-borne conidia.
- Sanitation: remove infected shoots and plant debris.
- Pre-bloom spray: lime sulphur (1:60); fungicides: dinocap (0.05%).
- Resistant varieties: Maharaja Chunth, Golden Chinese, Yantarka Altaskya, Dolgoe.
Fire Blight – Pathogen and Symptoms
- Caused by Erwinia amylovora (bacterium).
- Affects blossoms, shoots, branches, fruits, and rootstock.
- Blossoms become water-soaked, turn brown/black, shrivel.
- Shoots wilt, forming “shepherd’s crook”; leaves blacken along veins.
- Milky, sticky ooze may appear on infected tissues.
Fire Blight – Disease Cycle and Management
- Bacteria overwinter in cankers and woody tissue.
- Spread by insects (bees, flies, ants) and rain splash.
- Prune and destroy infected parts 30 cm below visible symptoms.
- Disinfect tools with 10% sodium hypochlorite after each cut.
- Dormant sprays: copper sulphate or Bordeaux mixture; streptomycin for blossom protection.
Crown Gall – Pathogen and Symptoms
- Caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (bacterium).
- Galls form on roots and stems near soil line; initially white/flesh-colored, later hard and corky.
- Plants become stunted with chlorotic leaves.
Crown Gall – Management
- Use disease-free planting material; avoid wounding roots and stems.
- Crop rotation with cereals or maize.
- Biological control: Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K1026 applied to wounds.
- Penicillin or vancomycin offers partial control.
Summary: Integrated Disease Management in Apple
- Combine cultural, chemical, and genetic resistance strategies.
- Regular monitoring and early detection are essential.
- Sanitation and removal of infected material reduce inoculum.
- Use of resistant varieties minimizes chemical dependence.
Ppt on Major Diseases Of Apple And Their Management Strategies
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This presentation covers major diseases of apple, focusing on their causal agents, symptoms, disease cycles, and management strategies. Emphasis is placed on accurate identification and integrated management for sustainable apple production. Key topics include apple scab, powdery mildew, and fire blight. Important academic keywords: pathogen, symptoms, disease cycle, management, resistant varieties.
Introduction to Apple Diseases
- Apple is affected by several fungal and bacterial diseases.
- Major diseases include apple scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, and crown gall.
- Effective management requires understanding pathogen biology and integrated control methods.
Major Apple Diseases and Causal Agents
- Apple scab: Venturia inaequalis
- Powdery mildew: Podosphaera leucotricha
- Fire blight: Erwinia amylovora
- Crown gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Other diseases: Black rot, sooty blotch, flyspeck, Phytophthora crown rot
Apple Scab – Pathogen and Distribution
- Caused by Venturia inaequalis (fungus).
- First reported in Sweden (1819); in India, on Ambri variety in Kashmir (1935).
- Favored by cool, moist conditions during spring.
Apple Scab – Symptoms
- Black, circular, velvety spots on upper leaf surface; may coalesce.
- Leaves become twisted, yellow, and may drop prematurely.
- Fruits show sooty, gray-black lesions that become sunken and tan.
- Severely affected fruit may crack and drop early.
Apple Scab – Disease Cycle and Spread
- Primary inoculum: ascospores from fallen leaves in spring.
- Secondary spread: conidia dispersed by wind and rain.
- Infection favored by wet weather during bud break and early fruit development.
Apple Scab – Management
- Sanitation: remove and destroy fallen leaves.
- Use resistant varieties: Emira, Redfree, Ambstraking, Ambroyal, Ambrich, Ambred.
- Fungicide sprays: captan (0.2%), dodine (0.25%) after petal fall.
- Apply difolatan (0.3%) at green bud stage, followed by captan at petal fall.
Powdery Mildew – Pathogen and Symptoms
- Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (fungus).
- White or gray powdery patches on young leaves, shoots, and fruits.
- Leaves become narrow, curled, and distorted; twigs covered with powdery mass.
- Affected fruits are small, deformed, and roughened.
Powdery Mildew – Disease Cycle and Management
- Overwinters as mycelium in buds and fruits.
- Spread by wind-borne conidia in spring and summer.
- Sanitation: remove infected shoots and plant debris.
- Spray lime sulphur (1:60) pre-bloom; dinocap (0.05%) or wettable sulphur.
- Resistant varieties: Maharaja Chunth, Golden Chinese, Yantarka Altaskya, Dolgoe.
Fire Blight – Pathogen and Symptoms
- Caused by Erwinia amylovora (bacterium).
- Affects blossoms, shoots, branches, and sometimes rootstock.
- Blossoms become water-soaked, then brown to black and shriveled.
- Shoots wilt, forming “shepherd’s crook”; leaves blacken along veins.
- Infected fruit shrivel, turn black, and may remain attached.
Fire Blight – Disease Cycle and Spread
- Bacteria overwinter in cankers and healthy woody tissue.
- Spread by insects (bees, flies, ants) and rain splash.
- Infection occurs during warm, humid weather, especially at bloom.
Fire Blight – Management
- Prune and burn infected twigs and branches 30 cm below visible symptoms.
- Disinfect tools with 10% sodium hypochlorite after each cut.
- Control insect vectors.
- Use resistant varieties where available.
- Dormant sprays: copper sulphate or Bordeaux mixture; streptomycin for blossom protection.
Other Important Apple Diseases (Brief Overview)
- Cedar apple rust: Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae – orange leaf spots, fruit lesions.
- Crown gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens – tumor-like galls on roots and stems.
- Black rot: Botryosphaeria obtusa – fruit rot, leaf spots, cankers.
- Sooty blotch and flyspeck: superficial fruit blemishes, reduce market value.
- Phytophthora crown, collar, and root rot: Phytophthora spp. – root decay, tree decline.
Summary: Integrated Disease Management in Apple
- Combine cultural, chemical, and genetic approaches for effective control.
- Regular orchard sanitation and pruning are essential.
- Use disease-resistant varieties when possible.
- Apply fungicides and bactericides judiciously, following recommended schedules.
- Monitor orchards regularly for early detection and management.
Ppt on Apple: Origin, Botany, Climate Requirements And Recommended Varieties
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This presentation covers the production technology of apple (Malus domestica), an important temperate fruit crop. It includes taxonomy, origin, climatic and soil requirements, recommended varieties, major pests and diseases, and management practices. The content is structured for academic and exam preparation, emphasizing key aspects of apple cultivation. Important academic keywords: Malus domestica, chilling requirement, varieties, pest management, apple scab.
Introduction to Apple
- Botanical name: Malus domestica; Family: Rosaceae
- Origin: Central Asia, including Caucasus and Hindu-Kush Himalayan region
- Chromosome number: 2n = 34, 51, 68 (x = 17)
- Genus Malus has about 25 species
Importance and Distribution
- Major temperate fruit crop, rich in carbohydrates, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium
- Introduced in India in 1865 (Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh)
- Commercially grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
- Also cultivated in NE states and Nilgiri hills
- India: ~2.8 lakh ha area, ~1.77 million tonnes production
Climatic and Soil Requirements
- Requires 1000–1600 chilling hours; low-chill varieties need 500–800 hours
- Optimal summer temperature: 21–24°C; pollination best at 18–22°C
- Frost-free spring, mild summer, and 100–125 cm well-distributed rainfall ideal
- Prefers deep, fertile, loamy soils with pH 6.0–6.5 and good drainage
Taxonomic Classification and Species
- Family: Rosaceae; Genus: Malus
- Important species: M. domestica (edible apple), M. floribunda (flowering crab), M. baccata (Siberian crab), M. coronaria (American crab), M. angustifolia (narrow-leaved crab)
- Crab apples used as pollinizers and ornamentals
Recommended Varieties in India
- Early: Irish Peach, Benoni, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Mollies Delicious, Anna
- Mid-season: Starking Delicious, Red Delicious, Rich-a-Red, Top Red, Scarlet Gala
- Late: King Pippin, Golden Delicious, Red Fuji, Granny Smith, Mutsu
- Spur types: Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Well Spur
- Low-chill: Michal, Schlomit, Anna, Vered, Tropical Beauty
Notable Apple Varieties
- Red Delicious: Large, oblong-conical, greenish-yellow with red streaks, ripens August
- Starking Delicious: Limb sport of Red Delicious, large, conical, yellow with red stripes
- Fuji: Pink speckled flush, crisp, juicy, late-maturing
- Black Diamond: Rare, purple skin, grown at high altitude (Tibet)
- Mutsu: Cross of Golden Delicious × Indo, large, green to yellow, late, good pollinizer
Pollinizing Varieties and Colour Sports
- Pollinizers: Golden Delicious, Red Gold, Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Granny Smith, Winter Banana
- Flowering crabs (e.g., Malus floribunda) also used as pollinizers
- Colour sports: Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Super Chief, Vance Delicious, Top Red
Major Pests: San Jose Scale
- Scientific name: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
- Polyphagous, sucks sap from aerial parts, reduces vigour and fruit quality
- Symptoms: Grey overlapping scales on bark, poor fruit set
- Management: Spray 2% dormant oil or 1.5% summer oil at appropriate stages; 0.04% chlorpyriphos after petal fall
Major Pests: Woolly Apple Aphid
- Scientific name: Eriosoma lanigerum
- Colonies form white woolly masses on aerial parts and roots
- Damage: Sap sucking, gall formation, stunted growth, reduced fruit set
- Management: Spray 0.04% chlorpyriphos in May–June and October; use resistant rootstocks (Malling Merton series)
Major Disease: Apple Scab
- Pathogen: Venturia inaequalis
- Symptoms: Olive green to black spots on leaves and fruits, leaf curling, fruit cracking
- Management: Scheduled sprays of dodine, mancozeb, carbendazim, zineb at key growth stages; 5% urea post-harvest
Maturity Indices, Harvesting, and Yield
- Apple trees start bearing from 4th year onwards
- Maturity: Change in ground colour, seed colour, and ease of fruit detachment
- Harvesting time depends on variety and region
- Average yield: 10–20 kg/tree/year in well-managed orchards
Summary: Integrated Apple Production
- Select suitable varieties and pollinizers for region and climate
- Ensure proper chilling, soil, and water management
- Implement regular pest and disease monitoring and control
- Follow recommended harvesting and post-harvest practices for quality fruit
Ppt on High Density Planting Systems And Management In Apple Orchards
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High Density Planting (HDP) in apple involves increasing tree population per unit area to enhance productivity, fruit quality, and resource use efficiency. This approach utilizes dwarfing rootstocks, specialized training systems, and precise canopy management. HDP is a key innovation in modern apple orcharding, enabling early returns and improved orchard management. Important academic keywords: rootstock, canopy management, training systems, productivity, bioregulators.
Introduction to High Density Planting (HDP) in Apple
- HDP increases plant population per unit area for higher fruit yield.
- Addresses low productivity and long gestation periods in traditional orchards.
- Enables early returns and efficient land use.
Types and Categories of HDP in Apple
- Semi-intensive: 500–1,000 trees/ha.
- Intensive: 1,000–10,000 trees/ha.
- Super-intensive: 10,000–100,000 trees/ha.
- Apple-specific: Low (<250), Moderate (250–500), High (500–1,250), Ultra-high (>1,250 trees/ha).
- Meadow orcharding: 20,000–70,000 trees/ha.
Key Components of HDP in Apple
- Use of dwarf scion varieties and dwarfing/semi-dwarfing rootstocks.
- Efficient training and pruning systems.
- Application of plant growth regulators.
- Adoption of suitable crop management practices.
Advantages of High Density Planting
- Maximizes land and resource utilization.
- Increases yield per unit area.
- Improves fruit quality and uniformity.
- Facilitates easier intercultural operations, plant protection, and harvesting.
- Enables production of export-quality fruit.
Common Rootstocks for HDP in Apple
- Dwarfing/semi-dwarfing: M.9, M.26, M.4, M.7, MM.106.
- Meadow orchards: M.27.
- Spur types: MM.106, MM.109, M.7.
- Non-spur types: MM.111.
- Jammu & Kashmir: MM.106 preferred.
Promising Spur Varieties for HDP
- Starkrimson, Red Spur, Gold Spur, Well Spur, Oregon Spur.
- Silver Spur, Red Chief, Bright ‘N’ Early, Royal Gala, Red Fuji.
Training Systems in HDP Apple Orchards
- Spindle bush, Dwarf pyramid, Espalier, Cordon, Palmette, Noord Holland Spindle bush.
- Vertical Axis and Tall Spindle systems are widely used.
- Training begins at planting and continues throughout tree life.
Vertical Axis System
- 500–1,000 trees/acre; uses dwarfing rootstocks.
- Central leader with 4 evenly spaced branches.
- Remove branches within 45 cm (18″) of soil and those with narrow angles.
- Branch angles adjusted to 60° for optimal light interception.
Tall Spindle System
- 1,000–1,500 trees/acre; dwarfing rootstocks.
- Early fruiting (2nd–3rd year).
- No permanent scaffolds; branches renewed as needed.
- Upper branches bent below horizontal to reduce vigor.
Canopy Management Principles in HDP
- Optimize light interception and distribution within the canopy.
- Balance vegetative and reproductive growth for high productivity.
- Control tree size using dwarfing rootstocks and pruning.
- Maintain tree health and fruit quality.
Use of Bioregulators in HDP
- Growth retardants: paclobutrazol, chlormequat chloride, uniconazole, Alar (daminozide), Ethrel.
- Reduce vegetative growth and enhance fruit set.
- Alter assimilate partitioning towards reproductive organs.
- Improve fruit size, color, and quality.
Selecting Rootstocks for Different Scion Vigors
- Vigorous scions: Use highly dwarfing rootstocks (M.9, B.9) and wider spacing.
- Weak scions: Use more vigorous dwarfing rootstocks (M.26) and closer spacing.
- M.26 is popular for intermediate densities.
Summary and Integrated Management in HDP Apple
- Combine suitable rootstocks, training systems, and bioregulators for optimal results.
- Regular pruning and canopy management are essential.
- Monitor tree health and adjust practices as needed for sustained productivity.
Ppt on Cultivation Practices And Management Of Apple Orchards
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This presentation covers the cultivation practices of apple (Malus domestica), a major temperate fruit crop. It details origin, economic importance, botany, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation, orchard management, plant protection, and post-harvest handling. Key concepts include varieties, propagation, orchard management, disease management, and post-harvest practices.
Introduction to Apple Cultivation
- Apple (Malus domestica) belongs to family Rosaceae.
- Known as the “king of temperate fruits.”
- Major table fruit globally; widely consumed fresh and processed.
- Originated in Central Asia; cultivated for over 4000 years.
Origin and Distribution
- Origin: Central Asia (Kazakhstan region).
- China is the largest producer globally.
- In India, major states: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland.
- Apple is the main horticultural crop in Himachal Pradesh.
Area, Production, and Productivity (India, 2001-02)
| State | Area (‘000 ha) | Production (‘000 MT) | Productivity (MT/ha) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jammu & Kashmir | 90.1 | 909.6 | 10.1 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 92.8 | 180.6 | 1.9 |
| Uttarakhand | 51.8 | 59.3 | 1.1 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 6.7 | 8.5 | 1.3 |
| Nagaland | 0.1 | 0.3 | 3.3 |
| All India | 241.6 | 1158.3 | 4.8 |
Economic Importance and Nutritional Value
- Consumed fresh; also processed into juice, jelly, cider, wine.
- Rich in dietary fiber, vitamins (A, B1, B2, C), and minerals (P, Ca, Fe).
- One medium apple: ~95 kcal, 0.47g protein, 4.4g fiber.
- “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”
Botanical Description
- Deciduous tree, 1.8–4.6 m tall in cultivation.
- Leaves: alternate, simple, serrated margins, downy underside.
- Flowers: white with pink tinge, 5-petaled, borne in cymes.
- Fruit: pome type, red/yellow skin, pale flesh.
Varieties and Hybrids
- Two types: Diploids (self-fruitful) and Triploids (require pollinizers).
- Common diploids: Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Jonathan.
- Triploids: Baldwin, Northern Spy.
- Indigenous: Ambri (Kashmir).
- Important hybrids: Lal Ambri, Sunehri, Ambstarking, Ambroyal, Ambrich, Chaubattia Princess, Ambredred.
Climate Requirements
- Requires 1000–1500 chilling hours below 7°C for dormancy break.
- Optimal elevation: 1500–2700 m above MSL.
- Ideal temperature: 21–24°C during growth.
- Needs frost-free spring, adequate sunshine, 100–125 cm well-distributed rainfall.
Soil Requirements and Propagation
- Prefers loamy, well-drained soils, pH 5.5–6.5, rich in organic matter.
- Gentle to moderate slope; avoid waterlogging and hardpan.
- Propagation: vegetative (budding/grafting) on crab apple or Malling rootstocks.
- Malling IX controls vigor; Malus baccata common rootstock in India.
Planting Practices
- Planting season: January–February.
- Spacing varies: low (<250/ha), moderate (250–500/ha), high (500–1250/ha), ultra-high (>1250/ha).
- Systems: square/hexagonal (valleys), contour (slopes).
- Pits: 1m × 1m × 1m, filled with FYM, SSP, Malathion dust.
- Irrigate immediately after planting.
Nutrient Management
- FYM: 10 kg/tree/year; increase with age.
- N:P:K ratio: 70:35:70 g/year/tree (increase with age).
- After 10 years: 700:350:700 g NPK/tree/year.
- Correct micronutrient deficiencies (Zn, B, Mn, Ca) via foliar sprays.
Irrigation and Training/Pruning
- Annual water requirement: ~114 cm; 15–20 irrigations/year.
- Critical period: April–August (fruit set to development).
- Training: modified central leader system for standard trees.
- Spindle bush system for high-density orchards.
- Pruning maintains balance between growth and fruiting.
Intercultural Operations and Growth Regulators
- Weed control: glyphosate, paraquat, mulching (hay, black alkathene).
- Intercropping: green manure crops (sunflower, beans) in early years.
- Growth regulators: carbaryl, NAA for fruit thinning and quality improvement.
Harvesting and Yield
- Harvest at physiological maturity; apples are climacteric fruits.
- Maturity indices: TSS, color change, seed color, fruit firmness.
- Yield: 40–100 kg/tree at full bearing (after 5 years).
- Productive lifespan: up to 50 years; alternate bearing common in some varieties.
Major Pests and Management
- Woolly aphid: use resistant rootstocks (M778, MM104, MM110, etc.).
- Biological control: Aphelinus mali, coccinellid predators.
- Chemical control: carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, malathion, oxydemeton-methyl, quinalphos.
Major Diseases and Management
- Apple scab: spray schedule with mancozeb, captafol, carbendazim.
- Use stickers (Triton/Teepol) for better spray adherence.
- Lichens: control with quick lime spray after pruning.
Post-Harvest Management
- Pre-cooling: remove field heat before grading and packing.
- Grading: by size, color, quality (AAA, AA, A, etc.).
- Storage: 4–8 months at -1.1°C to 0°C, 85–90% RH.
- Packing: wooden boxes or corrugated fiberboard cartons (10–20 kg capacity).
Summary of Apple Cultivation Practices
- Selection of suitable varieties and rootstocks is crucial.
- Proper site, soil, and climate are essential for high yield and quality.
- Integrated orchard management ensures productivity and sustainability.
- Timely pest, disease, and post-harvest management maximize returns.
Ppt on Apple Production Technology: Botany, Varieties, Climate, And Cultivation Practices
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Apple (Malus domestica) is a major temperate fruit crop known for its high nutritional value and economic importance. This presentation covers the botany, climate requirements, varieties, propagation, orchard management, pest and disease control, and post-harvest practices of apple cultivation. Key academic concepts include rootstocks, chilling requirement, self-incompatibility, high-density planting, and integrated pest management.
Introduction to Apple Cultivation
- Apple is called the ‘King of Temperate Fruits’ and is a symbol of health.
- Deciduous fruit tree, widely grown in temperate regions worldwide.
- India’s main apple-producing states: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand.
- Apples have a long storage life and high economic value.
Nutritional Value of Apple
- Rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins (A, C), and minerals (K, Ca).
- Contains antioxidants and phytochemicals beneficial for health.
- Low in fat and cholesterol.
Taxonomy and Botanical Features
- Botanical name: Malus domestica; Family: Rosaceae; Subfamily: Maloideae.
- Chromosome number: 2n=34 (x=17).
- Origin: Southwestern Asia.
- Fruit type: Pome; Edible part: fleshy thalamus (mesocarp).
- Major sugar: Sorbitol; Flower color: white to pink.
Area and Production
- China is the largest apple producer globally.
- In India, apples account for 55% area and 75% production among temperate fruits.
- Major Indian states: Himachal Pradesh (83% area), Jammu & Kashmir (45%), Uttarakhand (30%).
- Also grown in NE states and Nilgiri hills (Tamil Nadu).
Climate and Soil Requirements
- Altitude: 1500–2700 m above mean sea level.
- Temperature: 21–24°C (fruit set: 21.1–26.7°C).
- Chilling requirement: 1000–1500 hours below 7°C in winter.
- Rainfall: 100–125 cm annually.
- Soil: Loamy, rich in organic matter, pH 5.5–6.5.
Apple Varieties and Their Features
- Early: Tydeman’s Early, Benoni, Early Shanburry.
- Mid-season: Starking Delicious, Red Delicious, McIntosh.
- Late: Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton, Granny Smith.
- Spur types: Red Spur, Starkrimson, Oregon Spur.
- Scab-resistant: Co-Op-12, Florina, Firdous.
- Low-chilling: Michal, Schlomit.
- Triploid: Baldwin, Mutsu, Bramley’s Seedling.
Rootstocks in Apple Cultivation
- Seedling rootstocks: Raised from Malus baccata or commercial cultivars.
- Clonal rootstocks: Propagated by mound/stool layering.
- Dwarfing: M9 (high-density planting, weak anchorage).
- Semi-dwarf: M4, M7, MM106 (aphid-resistant, collar rot susceptible).
- Semi-vigorous: MM111, MM104 (drought-tolerant, aphid-resistant).
- Vigorous: Merton 793 (aphid and collar rot resistant).
Spacing and Planting Density
- Depends on scion-rootstock combination and tree vigor.
- Standard: 6×6 m (278 trees/ha); Semi-dwarf: 4.5×4.5 m (494 trees/ha).
- Dwarf: 1.5×1.5 m (4444 trees/ha) for high-density planting.
- Ultra-high density: >1250 trees/ha.
Propagation Methods
- Whip and tongue grafting is commonly used.
- Rootstocks: Malus sylvestris, M. prunifolia, M. sikkimensis, or hybrids.
- Grafting/budding performed on one-year-old rootstock seedlings.
Planting Practices
- Pit size: 1m x 1m x 1m; Planting systems: square or hexagonal.
- Best planting time: January–February.
- Apply 30–40 kg FYM, 500 g single super phosphate, 50 g Malathion dust per pit.
Pollination and Pollinizers
- Apple is self-incompatible; cross-pollination is essential.
- Pollinizer plants should comprise 11–30% of orchard trees.
- Recommended pollinizers: Royal Delicious, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious.
Fertilizer and Nutrient Management
- FYM: 10 kg/year age of tree.
- N:P:K: 70:35:70 g/year age (up to 10th year).
- Micronutrient sprays: Urea (5%), CaCl2 (0.5%), ZnSO4 (0.5%), MnSO4 (0.4%), H3BO3 (0.1%).
- Adjust fertilizer in ‘off’ years (lower crop load).
Irrigation and Water Management
- Critical stage: fruit set (April–August).
- Annual water requirement: ~114 cm (15–20 irrigations/year).
- Summer: irrigate every 7–10 days; Winter: every 3–4 weeks.
Weed Management and Mulching
- Herbicides: Glyphosate (800 ml/ha), Paraquat (0.5%) for post-emergence control.
- Mulching with hay, black alkathene, dry grass, or oak leaves conserves moisture and suppresses weeds.
Intercropping and Green Manuring
- Green manure crops (sunflower, bean) improve soil texture and fertility in young orchards.
- Intercropping is recommended during early years of plantation.
Fruit Drop in Apple
- Three types: early drop (poor pollination), June drop (moisture stress), pre-harvest drop (economic loss).
- Pre-harvest drop controlled by NAA spray (10 ppm) one week before expected drop.
Use of Plant Growth Regulators
- Carbaryl (750–1000 ppm) or NAA (10–20 ppm) at petal fall improves fruit set and color.
- Growth regulators enhance flowering and fruit quality.
Training and Pruning Systems
- Modified central leader system for standard trees ensures good light penetration.
- Spindle bush system for high-density planting in mid hills.
- Pruning maintains balance between vegetative growth and fruiting spurs.
- Remove weak/undesirable branches after six years.
Harvesting and Yield
- Economic bearing starts from 8th year; productive life up to 30–40 years.
- Harvest before full ripeness; maturity index: color change, starch index 1–2.
- Average yield: 11–13 t/ha (Himachal Pradesh, J&K); 5–6 t/ha (Uttarakhand).
Harvesting Methods
- Hand harvesting, ladder harvesting, and mechanical harvesting are used.
- Handle fruits carefully to avoid bruising and post-harvest losses.
Major Insect Pests and Management
- Woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum): Sucks sap, weakens trees.
- Control: Resistant rootstocks (M778, MM14), dimethoate 0.06%, methyl demeton 0.025%, natural predator Aphytis mali.
- San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus): Causes bark discoloration, fruit damage.
- Control: Phosalone 0.05%, fenitrothion 0.05%, winter diesel oil emulsion spray.
Major Diseases and Management
- Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis): Olive to black velvety spots on leaves/fruits.
- Control: Clean cultivation, Tridemorph 0.1%, Mancozeb 0.25%.
- Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora): Water-soaked, shriveled, blackened leaves.
- Control: Remove affected parts, spray Streptomycin 500 ppm.
Physiological Disorders and Correction
- Water core: Boron deficiency; correct with borax application.
- Bitter pit: Calcium deficiency; correct with CaCO3 application.
- Rosette leaf: Zinc deficiency; correct with ZnSO4 application.
Post-Harvest Technology
- Steps: Harvesting, precooling, grading, storage, packing, transportation, marketing.
- Storage: 4–8 months at 0–1.1°C, 85–90% RH.
- Packing: Wooden boxes or corrugated fiberboard cartons (10–20 kg).
Constraints in Apple Cultivation
- Old orchards with declining productivity.
- Inadequate pollinizers and outdated varieties.
- Poor adoption of clonal rootstocks, pruning, and micronutrient management.
- Low water/fertilizer use efficiency; weather risks (frost, hail).
- Major disease: Apple scab; post-harvest losses due to poor handling.
Future Thrust and Recommendations
- Expand cultivar base and adopt low-chilling, disease-resistant varieties.
- Promote high-density planting, scientific water management, and renewal pruning.
- Improve post-harvest infrastructure and processing capacity.
- Encourage tissue culture for rapid multiplication of quality planting material.
Conclusion
- Apple is vital for India’s horticultural economy, especially in hill regions.
- Systematic cultivation, improved varieties, and modern management can boost productivity and income.
- Focus on high-density planting, integrated nutrient and pest management, and post-harvest practices is essential.
Ppt on cultivation practices of apple
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Summary:Discover essential cultivation practices for apple trees in this detailed PowerPoint presentation, covering 24 informative slides. Learn how to care for your apple trees and enhance your gardening skills!
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