• Overview of diseases affecting tomatoes.
• Importance of disease management in agriculture.
• Focus on early blight, late blight, and bacterial diseases.

• Early Blight: Alternaria solani
• Late Blight: Phytophthora infestans
• Bacterial Wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum
• Leaf Curl Virus: Tomato leaf curl virus

• Dark spots on older leaves, stems, and fruits.
• Yield losses can reach 79% in severe cases.
• Weakens plants, reducing fruit set.

• Temperatures between 15 to 27°C.
• High humidity (>90%) and rainy weather.
• Weak plants from June-July sowing are more susceptible.

• Use pathogen-free seeds and remove infected debris.
• Water in the morning to minimize leaf wetness.
• Implement crop rotation with non-Solanaceous crops.

• Caused by Phytophthora infestans.
• Can infect leaves, stems, and fruits rapidly.
• Historically linked to the Irish potato famine.

• Dark brown blotches on leaves with green-gray edges.
• Fruits develop dark, mushy spots.
• High humidity leads to white fungal growth.

• High humidity (>90%) and low temperatures (10-25°C).
• Cloudy weather with rainfall enhances spread.
• Soil-borne spread through oospores.

• Destroy infected potato piles before planting.
• Crop rotation with cereals to prevent recurrence.
• Use prophylactic sprays of copper fungicides.

• Submitted to: Dr. Ijaz Rassol Noorka
• Submitted by: Sobia Kanwal
• Course: BAGF12MO10

• Scientific Name: Solanum lycopersicum L.
• Order: Solanales
• Family: Solanaceae

• Originated in the South American Andes.
• Introduced to Europe in the 16th century.
• Spread to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

• Tomate (Spain, France)
• Tomat (Indonesia)
• Faan ke’e (China)
• Jitomate (Mexico)
• Pomodoro (Italy)

• Rich in vitamins and minerals.
• Contains essential amino acids and dietary fibers.
• High in vitamin B, C, iron, and phosphorus.

• Roots: Tap root system, depth of 50cm or more.
• Stem: Erect to prostate, 2-4 m tall.
• Leaves: Spirally arranged, 15-50 cm long.

• Fruits: Fleshy berry, 2-15 cm in diameter.
• Seeds: Numerous, kidney-shaped, 3-5mm long.
• Ripe fruits range from yellow to red.

• Optimal temperature: 21C-23C.
• Grows well in various soil types.
• pH level: 7-8 for best results.

• Seed rate: 300-400 g/ha for nursery.
• Transplanting in July, October-November, and February.
• Watering: Twice daily for germination.

• Common pests: Tomato fruit worm, white fly, aphid.
• Control methods include spraying Bacillus and Rogor.
• Regular monitoring is essential.

• Common diseases: Damping off, leaf curl, early blight.
• Management strategies include proper sanitation.
• Regular crop rotation helps reduce disease incidence.

• Tomato is self-fertile but requires cross-pollination.
• Pollinators include bees and manual methods.
• Emasculation and tagging are common practices.

• Develop early and high-yielding varieties.
• Focus on disease-resistant and storage-friendly varieties.
• Enhance processing suitability.

• Ajax
• Cardinal
• Desiree
• Faisalabad red
• Laale Faisal

• Used in various dishes globally.
• Popular in pizzas, sandwiches, and cocktails.
• Offers numerous nutritional benefits.

• Rich in vitamins and minerals.
• Supports heart health and vision.
• Contains anti-cancer properties.

• Dendrobiums are native to Southeast Asia.
• They thrive in tropical climates with high humidity.
• Suitable for coastal areas like Chennai.

• Sonia-17: Purple and white flowers.
• Sonia-28: Popular for its vibrant blooms.
• Emma White: Known for its elegance.
• Sakura Pink: Aesthetic pink variety.

• Requires 75% shade netting.
• Ideal humidity: 70-80%.
• Day temperature: 21-29°C; Night: 18-21°C.
• Rainshelter needed in high rainfall zones.

• Division of clumps and keikis.
• Utilization of back bulbs.
• Tissue culture for mass propagation.

• Mist or overhead sprinklers for humidity.
• Foliar NPK application: 20:10:10 @ 0.2% weekly.

• GA3 foliar application at 50 ppm bi-monthly.
• Repot every 2-3 years or when necessary.
• Best time to repot: when new roots emerge.

• Harvest when 75% of flowers are open.
• Cut lower 0.75cm of the peduncle post-harvest.
• Yield: 8-10 spikes per plant annually.

• Pulsing: 8-HQC 500 ppm + Sucrose 5% for 12 hrs.
• Holding solution: AgNO3 25 ppm + 8-HQC 400 ppm.
• Wrap with 50 gauge polythene.

• Handpick snails and slugs.
• Bacterial diseases treated with Streptomycin.
• Fungal issues managed with Metalaxyl.

• Effective management ensures healthy orchid growth.
• Regular monitoring for pests and diseases is crucial.
• Thank you for your attention!

• Scientific name: Alstroemeria aurantiaca
• Common names: Peruvian lily, Inca lily
• Family: Alstroemeriaceae
• Native to: South America
• Chromosome number: 2n = 16

• Hardy perennial, easy to grow in various settings
• Used as cut flowers, lasting 2-3 weeks in water
• Symbolizes friendship, popular in arrangements

• Alstroemeria aurantiaca: 60-100 cm flowering stalk
• Bright yellow flowers with spotted segments
• A. pelegrina: 30 cm flowering stem, lilac color
• A. hookeri: 45-60 cm, orange color

• Red: Red Sunset, Valiant
• Pink: Fiona, Olympic
• Orange: Harlequin, Sunrise
• White: Amanda, Monalisa

• Cool sub-tropical climate, partial shade preferred
• Optimum temperature: 10-20°C, RH 85-95%
• Well-drained soil, pH 6.0-6.5
• Soil should be rich in organic matter

• High, open land with ample sunlight
• Thoroughly ploughed, left under sun for 15 days
• Depth of ploughing: 15-20 cm
• Plants grown in raised beds

• Seeds and division of clumps (10-15 rhizomes)
• Micropropagation techniques

• Spacing: 60×45 cm, depth: 7-8 cm
• Fertilizer: 600 ppm of 20-20-20 weekly
• Calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate for nutrition

• Regular weeding and shoot thinning
• Staking for straight flowering stems

• Frequent, heavy irrigation for optimal growth
• Black polythene mulch enhances growth

• Harvest when flowers are fully colored but not opened
• Yield: 80-100 blooms/m²
• Store rhizomes in cool places

• Pythium and Rhizoctonia wilt management
• Botrytis affects flowers, humidity control needed
• Major pests: Aphids, Thrips, Whiteflies

• Talukdar, M.C. ‘Alstroemeria’
• Bose, T.K. et al. ‘Commercial Flowers’
• Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:alstroemeria

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is recognized for its fragrant spikes, which can reach lengths of 30 to 45 cm. The single-flowered varieties are more aromatic than the double types, containing 0.08 to 0.14 percent concrete used in high-grade perfumes. The flowers are versatile, used for essential oil extraction, garlands, and as cut flowers for decoration.

Tuberose holds a special position among ornamental bulbous plants due to its beauty, elegance, and sweet fragrance. It has significant economic potential in the cut flower trade and essential oil industry, leading to its widespread cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

Natively from Mexico, tuberose spread globally in the 16th century. The Aztecs cultivated it over 600 years ago, and it was introduced to Europe by Spanish explorers. It became popular in Victorian gardens, known for their fragrant white flowers that bloom at night.

There are three main types of tuberose: single (one row of corolla segments), semi-double (2-3 rows), and double (more than three rows). Notable cultivars include:

1. Select a sunny location for planting.
2. Prepare the soil to a depth of 5 cm.
3. Water generously after planting, then moderately during the growing season.
4. Apply a balanced fertilizer and prune to encourage growth.
5. Harvest bulbs in spring and store them properly.

Climate: Tuberose prefers a mild climate with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C. Extreme temperatures can affect flower quality.

Soil: It thrives in well-drained loam or sandy loam soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5, rich in organic matter.

Propagation is primarily through bulbs. Dormancy can be broken using a 4% Thiourea solution. Suitable bulbs are spindle-shaped, disease-free, and 1.5 to 3.0 cm in diameter.

1. Choose a sunny site for optimal growth.
2. Prepare the soil thoroughly to avoid clods.
3. Select bulbs with a diameter of 2.0-3.0 cm for planting.
4. Implement effective weed control measures.
5. Apply fertilizers based on soil type and climatic conditions.

Essential nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Deficiencies can lead to reduced flowering and plant vigor. Common diseases include stem rot and leaf spot, while pests like grasshoppers and thrips can damage crops.

Harvest tuberose by cutting spikes at the base during cool hours. For vases, cut when the first flowers open. Proper timing is crucial to minimize weight loss during transport.

To prolong vase life, immerse cut spikes in water immediately after harvest. Use a holding solution of 2% sucrose and 300 ppm Al2(SO4)3. Proper grading and packaging are essential for maintaining quality during transport.

Flower yields range from 14-15 t/ha, with concrete yields of 8-10 kg/ha. Tuberose cultivation can enhance biodiversity and provide economic benefits through flower sales.

• J. humile L. – Italian jasmine
• J. adenophyllum Wall. – bluegrape jasmine
• J. mesnyi Hance – Japanese jasmine
• J. auriculatum Vahl – Indian jasmine
• J. sambac (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine