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Ppt on Principles And Functions Of Management In Agriculture

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This topic covers the fundamental principles of management, focusing on their application in agricultural and allied sectors. It explains the core functions, roles, and importance of management in achieving organizational objectives efficiently. Key concepts include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, which are essential for effective resource utilization and decision-making. Important academic keywords: management, planning, organizing, controlling, leadership.
Introduction to Principles of Management
  • Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals.
  • Essential in agriculture and allied sectors for efficient resource use and productivity.
  • Principles guide managers in decision-making and problem-solving.
Functions of Management
  • Planning: Setting objectives and determining actions to achieve them.
  • Organizing: Arranging resources and tasks to implement plans.
  • Staffing: Recruiting, training, and retaining employees.
  • Directing: Leading and motivating staff to accomplish objectives.
  • Controlling: Monitoring performance and making corrections as needed.
Principles of Management (Fayol’s Principles)
  • Division of Work: Specialization increases efficiency.
  • Authority and Responsibility: Managers must have authority to give orders.
  • Discipline: Respect for rules and agreements.
  • Unity of Command: Each employee receives orders from one superior.
  • Unity of Direction: Activities with the same objective should be directed by one manager.
Roles of a Manager
  • Interpersonal: Leader, liaison, and figurehead roles.
  • Informational: Monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
  • Decisional: Entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator.
  • Critical in agricultural organizations for adapting to changing environments.
Importance of Management in Agriculture and Allied Sectors
  • Ensures optimal use of land, labor, capital, and technology.
  • Improves productivity and sustainability of farm operations.
  • Facilitates adoption of innovations and best practices.
  • Enhances decision-making and risk management.
Summary: Integrated Approach to Management
  • Effective management integrates planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
  • Application of principles leads to organizational success.
  • Essential for achieving goals in agriculture and allied fields.

Ppt on Common Tomato Diseases And Symptoms

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This presentation covers various tomato diseases, including bacterial canker, bacterial spot, wilt, and blight. Each disease is described with its symptoms, conditions for development, and management practices.
Overview of Tomato Diseases
  • Bacterial canker
  • Bacterial spot
  • Bacterial wilt
  • Bacterial speck
  • Early and late blight
Tomato Canker (Clavibacter michiganesis)
  • Gram +Ve, non-motile bacteria
  • First described in 1910
  • Causes wilting and vascular discoloration
Symptoms of Tomato Canker
  • Downward curling of lower leaves
  • Light brown vascular discoloration
  • Yellow bacterial ooze
  • Birds eye appearance on fruits
Conditions for Canker Development
  • Infection through wounds or stomata
  • Bacteria survive in soil for up to 5 years
  • Spread via splashing water and contaminated tools
Management of Tomato Canker
  • Use disease-free seeds
  • Hot water treatment for seeds
  • Rotate crops every 3 years
  • Sanitize tools and equipment
Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria)
  • Can cause unmarketable fruit
  • Common in warm, wet climates
  • Symptoms include water-soaked spots
Symptoms of Bacterial Spot
  • Small, circular water-soaked areas on leaves
  • Brownish-red spots on mature fruit
  • Spots may have yellow halos
Conditions for Bacterial Spot Development
  • Survives in plant debris and seeds
  • Spread by sprinkler irrigation
  • Infection occurs through wounds
Management of Bacterial Spot
  • Remove symptomatic plants
  • Soak seeds in hot water
  • Avoid overhead watering
  • Use copper-based products cautiously
Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)
  • Causes severe damage to over 200 plant species
  • Symptoms include wilting during hot weather
  • Visible dark streaks in infected stems
Conditions for Bacterial Wilt Development
  • Survives in soil and infested water
  • High temperatures favor pathogen growth
  • Spread through soil transfer and runoff
Management of Bacterial Wilt
  • No single control method is fully effective
  • Use a combination of cultural practices
  • Consider biological control methods
Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas syringae)
  • Symptoms include dark spots on leaves
  • Cool, rainy weather promotes disease
  • Requires leaf wetness for infection
Management of Bacterial Speck
  • Use resistant varieties
  • Apply copper sprays
  • Remove diseased debris promptly
Early Blight (Alternaria solani)
  • Symptoms start as small, dark lesions
  • Lesions enlarge and cause defoliation
  • Favorable conditions are warm and wet
Management of Early Blight
  • Use pathogen-free seeds
  • Maintain plant vigor with proper care
  • Rotate crops to reduce disease pressure
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)
  • Not a true fungus, but an Oomycete
  • Causes rapid decay of fruits
  • Severe in cool, moist conditions
Management of Late Blight
  • Select quick-maturing varieties
  • Practice good crop sanitation
  • Control weeds around tomato plants
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