This lecture covers key aspects of grape cultivation, focusing on major nutrient disorders, corrective measures, growth regulators, physiological disorders, and pest and disease management. It also discusses optimal harvesting, storage, and raisin production practices, essential for maximizing yield and fruit quality in viticulture.
Introduction to Grape Cultivation
Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are a major fruit crop grown globally for fresh consumption, raisins, and wine.
Optimal growth requires balanced nutrition, pest and disease management, and proper cultural practices.
Understanding disorders and their management is crucial for high yield and quality.
Nutrient Disorders in Grapes
Common deficiencies: Nitrogen, Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc, Boron, Iron.
Symptoms include chlorosis, poor fruit set, stunted growth, and leaf necrosis.
Soil and leaf analysis help diagnose nutrient disorders.
Corrective Measures for Nutrient Disorders
Apply recommended fertilizers based on soil and tissue analysis.
Use foliar sprays for micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., ZnSO4 for zinc, Fe-EDTA for iron).
Incorporate organic manures and green manures to improve soil health.
Maintain proper irrigation to aid nutrient uptake.
Growth Regulators in Grapes
Gibberellic acid (GA3) used to increase berry size and improve cluster looseness.
Apply 25 ppm GA3 at calyptra fall and pepper stages for seedless varieties.
Potassium chloride (0.2%) sprayed at 20 and 40 days after berry set for uniform ripening.
Physiological Disorders in Grapes
Berry cracking: Caused by irregular watering or boron deficiency.
Uneven ripening: Linked to potassium deficiency or hormonal imbalance.
Poor fruit set: Often due to zinc or boron deficiency.
Major Pests of Grapes and Management
Nematodes
Apply carbofuran 60 g/vine one week before pruning; irrigate well.
Use neem cake 200 g/vine and Pseudomonas fluorescens for biocontrol.
Flea Beetles
Spray phosalone 2 ml/l after pruning; repeat 2–3 times as needed.
Thrips
Spray dimethoate 2 ml/l for control.
Mealy Bug
Spray monocrotophos 2 ml/l; use sticky bands and natural predators for IPM.
Major Diseases of Grapes and Management
Powdery Mildew
Caused by Uncinula necator.
Symptoms: White powdery growth on leaves, shoots, and berries.
Management: Sulphur dusting @ 6–12 kg/ha; use resistant varieties.
Downy Mildew
Caused by Plasmopara viticola.
Symptoms: Yellowish oil spots on leaves, white downy growth on lower surface.
Management: Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture; ensure good air circulation.
Harvesting, Yield, and Storage of Grapes
Harvest only after full ripening for best quality.
Heat requirement: 2900–3600 degree days for most varieties.
Average yields: Seedless – 15 t/ha/yr; Muscat – 30 t/ha/yr; Pachadraksha – 40 t/ha/yr; Anab-e-Shahi/Arka hybrids – 20 t/ha/yr.
Room temperature storage: Up to 7 days; cold storage (-2 to -1.5°C): 40–45 days.
Raisin Production from Grapes
Raisins are a major by-product in grape-growing regions.
Grapes with 17° Brix and above are suitable; 20–23° Brix is standard for high-quality raisins.
Proper drying and storage are essential to prevent spoilage.
Objective Questions
Q1. Which chemical is recommended for nematode control in grapes?
A. Dimethoate
B. Carbofuran
C. Phosalone
D. Monocrotophus
Answer: B
Q2. What is the application rate of neem cake per vine for nematode control?
A. 100 g
B. 200 g
C. 300 g
D. 400 g
Answer: B
Q3. Which pest is managed by spraying Phosalone after pruning?
A. Thrips
B. Mealy bug
C. Flea beetles
D. Nematode
Answer: C
Q4. What is the recommended concentration of Dimethoate for thrips control?
A. 1 ml/lit
B. 2 ml/lit
C. 3 ml/lit
D. 4 ml/lit
Answer: B
Q5. Which disease is controlled by sulphur dusting at 6-12 kg/ha?
A. Downy mildew
B. Powdery mildew
C. Anthracnose
D. Botrytis
Answer: B
Q6. For uniform ripening, grape bunches are sprayed with what concentration of K chloride?
A. 0.1%
B. 0.2%
C. 0.5%
D. 1%
Answer: B
Q7. At which stage are seedless grape clusters dipped in 25 ppm GA for berry size increase?
A. Flowering stage
B. Calyptra fall stage
C. Veraison stage
D. Harvest stage
Answer: B
Q8. What is the annual yield of Muscat grape variety per hectare?
A. 15 t
B. 20 t
C. 30 t
D. 40 t
Answer: C
Q9. What is the optimum storage temperature for grapes in cold storage?
A. 0°C
B. -1°C
C. -2 to -1.5°C
D. -5°C
Answer: C
Q10. Grapes used for raisin making should have a minimum brix value of:
A. 10°
B. 15°
C. 17°
D. 20°
Answer: C
This lecture covers key aspects of citrus cultivation, focusing on major nutrient deficiencies, physiological disorders, pests, diseases, and integrated management practices. Emphasis is placed on identification, symptoms, and effective corrective measures to ensure healthy citrus production and improved yield.
Introduction to Citrus Disorders and Management
Citrus crops are prone to various nutrient deficiencies, physiological disorders, pests, and diseases.
Proper identification and management are crucial for healthy growth and high yield.
Integrated management practices combine cultural, chemical, and biological methods.
Fruit Cracking in Citrus
Causes:
Sudden temperature changes and moisture stress.
Cracking may be radial or transverse.
Secondary infection by Aspergillus, Fusarium, or Alternaria possible.
Management:
Apply light irrigation at frequent intervals.
Apply potassium during fruit development.
Granulation in Citrus
Symptoms:
Juice vesicles become hard, enlarged, and opaque grayish.
Pulp density increases; juice has more minerals, less carbohydrate and organic acid.
Lignification of juice cells forms sclerenchyma.
Causes:
High humidity, temperature fluctuations, excess nitrogen, large fruit size, susceptible rootstocks.
Young trees and mandarins on Jatti Khatti rootstock are more prone.
Management:
Avoid excess moisture.
Spray lime (20 kg in 450 L water).
Spray zinc (0.5%) and copper (0.5%).
Sunburn (Sunscald) in Citrus
Symptoms:
Exposed fruit develops yellow patches, turning brown and hard.
Inner portion becomes desiccated and discoloured.
Fruits malformed, low juice content, may drop; leaves turn brown.
Management:
Spray lime solution (20 g/L) before summer.
Regulate irrigation to reduce temperature.
Mulch tree basins.
Citrus Decline (Dieback)
Symptoms:
Stunted growth, leaf mottling, yellowing, and shedding.
Excess flowering, poor fruit set, sun blotching of fruits.
Causes:
Calcium carbonate or clay in soil, rootstock-scion incompatibility, salinity, waterlogging, poor orchard management.
Management:
Ensure proper drainage and orchard management.
Use resistant rootstocks and disease-free budwood.
Major Pests of Acid Lime and Their Management
Leaf Miner:
Spray dimethoate 2 ml/L + neem oil 3%.
Leaf Caterpillar:
Apply endosulfan 2 ml/L for moderate to severe infestation.
Sucking Pests (Whitefly):
Spray quinalphos 2 ml/L.
Nematodes:
Apply carbofuran 75 g/tree or Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 g/tree.
Major Diseases of Acid Lime and Their Management
Twig Blight:
Prune dried twigs and spray 0.3% copper oxychloride.
Scab:
Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture.
Tristeza Virus:
Remove and destroy infected trees.
Spray monocrotophos 1 ml/L to control aphid vectors.
Use pre-immunized seedlings for planting.
Harvest and Post-Harvest Management of Acid Lime
Acid lime starts bearing from the 3rd year after planting.
Main crop harvested at different times across regions; average yield is 20–25 kg/tree/year.
Treat fruits with 4% wax emulsion and pre-pack in 200-gauge polythene bags (1% ventilation) to extend shelf life over 10 days.
Store limes at 18°C for best results.
Low-cost storage tanks with double-layer brickwork and wet sand interspace can be used for storage.
Integrated Management Practices for Citrus
Combine cultural, chemical, and biological methods for sustainable citrus production.
Regular monitoring and early detection of disorders, pests, and diseases.
Use resistant varieties and healthy planting material.
Maintain balanced nutrition and proper irrigation.
Adopt proper pruning, sanitation, and post-harvest handling.
Objective Questions
Q1. Which fungal genera are associated with secondary infection in citrus fruit cracking?
A. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria
B. Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor
C. Phytophthora, Pythium, Sclerotinia
D. Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Verticillium
Answer: A
Q2. What is a recommended management practice to reduce fruit cracking in citrus?
A. Frequent light irrigation
B. Heavy pruning
C. Application of nitrogen during fruit set
D. Use of copper sprays
Answer: A
Q3. Which rootstock makes mandarins more susceptible to granulation?
A. Jattikhatti
B. Rangpur lime
C. Cleopatra mandarin
D. Sweet orange
Answer: A
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a management practice for sunburn in citrus?
A. Spraying lime solution before summer
B. Regulation of irrigation
C. Mulching tree basins
D. Excess nitrogen application
Answer: D
Q5. What is a harmful soil condition that leads to citrus decline?
A. Presence of calcium carbonate
B. High organic matter
C. Sandy soil texture
D. Low potassium content
Answer: A
Q6. Which chemical is recommended for controlling leaf caterpillar in acid lime?
A. Endosulfan
B. Dimethoate
C. Quinalphos
D. Carbofuran
Answer: A
Q7. What is the recommended treatment for twig blight in acid lime?
A. Prune dried twigs and spray 0.3% copper oxychloride
B. Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture
C. Apply neem oil 3%
D. Use monocrotophos 1ml/lit
Answer: A
Q8. Which method improves the shelf life of harvested limes for more than 10 days?
A. 4% wax emulsion and pre-packing in polythene bags with 1% ventilation
B. Storing at 10°C in open crates
C. Spraying with copper oxychloride
D. Dipping in neem oil solution
Answer: A
Q9. What is the average annual yield of acid lime per tree?
A. 20-25 kg
B. 10-15 kg
C. 30-35 kg
D. 5-10 kg
Answer: A
Q10. What is the main cause of granulation in citrus fruits?
A. High humidity and temperature fluctuation
B. Low potassium during fruit development
C. Excess pruning
D. Deficiency of magnesium
Answer: A
This lecture covers fundamental concepts in agriculture, focusing on crop production, soil management, and pest control. It emphasizes the importance of horticulture practices, forestry conservation, and veterinary science in sustainable farming systems. Key topics include integrated pest management, soil fertility, and crop improvement techniques.
Introduction to Agriculture and Horticulture
Definition and scope of agriculture and horticulture.
This presentation covers the comprehensive production technology of brinjal (Solanum melongena), including its botany, varieties, agronomic practices, physiological disorders, and pest and disease management. Emphasis is placed on improved cultivation methods, varietal selection, and integrated crop management for optimal yield and quality. Key aspects such as grafting, ratooning, and biotechnological advances are also discussed. Important academic keywords: Solanaceae, varieties, grafting, Bt brinjal, integrated management.
Introduction to Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
Common names: Brinjal, Eggplant, Aubergine
Family: Solanaceae; Chromosome number: 2n=24
Origin: Indo-Burma region; major cultivation in Asia
Day-neutral, annual herbaceous plant
Rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients
Botanical Features
Plant: Erect, well-branched, large lobed leaves
Inflorescence: Solitary or clusters (cymose)
Flowers: Actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, hypogynous
Fruit: Berry; variable shape, size, and color
Heterostyly: Four flower types based on style length
Taxonomy and Species Diversity
Main species: Solanum melongena
Related species: S. incanum, S. integrifolium, S. nigrum, S. torvum, S. xanthocarpum
Broad bean, scientifically known as Vicia faba L., belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family and is commonly referred to by various names, such as faba bean, horse bean, and bakla bean. This versatile crop is predominantly cultivated in South America and Northern India, where it thrives in cooler temperatures. Recognized for its hardiness, the broad bean serves multiple functions beyond providing food; it is also valued as green manure and as a winter and autumn crop. The morphological structure of broad beans is distinctive, featuring square and erect stems that vary in height from 30 cm in dwarf varieties to about 100 cm in taller ones. The plants produce clusters of pods, typically containing five to seven pods, each about 15 cm long and 2 cm thick. These plants bear large and attractive flowers that are primarily pollinated by insects, contributing to their reproductive success. There are numerous varieties of broad beans, categorized based on seed color and pod size. Seed color varieties include white-seeded types that are less soft and green-seeded types that are suitable for freezing due to their softer texture. When considering pod size, large podded varieties yield higher, ranging from 80-90 q/ha, while small podded varieties display smaller, fleshy pods. Prominent improved varieties include Pusa Sumeet from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, along with Masterpiece White Long Pod and Imperial Green Windsor, among others. Certain local selections, such as Jawahar Selection 73-31 from Madhya Pradesh and BR-1 and BR-2 from Bihar, demonstrate adaptability to regional growing conditions. Broad beans are particularly suited to cool climates, being the only crop that can be cultivated during winter and autumn. They can withstand low temperatures, even approaching -4°C, and are tolerant of temporary water stress due to the accumulation of proteins within the plant. Ideal soil for cultivation is well-drained, rich loamy soil with an optimal pH level between 6.5 and 7.5. Proper field preparation through repeated ploughing is essential to achieve fine tilth. Sowing of broad beans generally occurs between September to October and February to March, with a recommended seed rate of 70-100 kg per hectare. Seeds should be planted in shallow furrows spaced 75 cm apart, ensuring optimal growth conditions. Nutrient management is crucial, with a suggested application of 10 tons of farmyard manure per hectare, alongside nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer. Management practices also encompass irrigation and weed control, where light irrigation is carried out every 12-15 days and weeding is conducted at critical growth stages—25 and 40 days after sowing. Harvesting takes place 3-4 months after sowing for spring crops and 6-7 months for autumn crops, ideally when the pods reach the green-shell stage. The yield of broad beans typically ranges between 70-100 quintals per hectare. However, growers should remain vigilant against pests such as aphids and pod borers, as well as diseases like powdery mildew and anthracnose, which can threaten crop health. Overall, the broad bean stands out as a multi-purpose crop that contributes to food security and sustainable agricultural practices.
