Home Quiz Old Paper PPT

Tag: varieties

Ppt on Brinjal Production Technology: Botany, Origin, Distribution And Species Diversity

Posted on by admin
This presentation covers the comprehensive production technology of brinjal (Solanum melongena), including its botany, varieties, agronomic practices, physiological disorders, and pest and disease management. Emphasis is placed on improved cultivation methods, varietal selection, and integrated crop management for optimal yield and quality. Key aspects such as grafting, ratooning, and biotechnological advances are also discussed. Important academic keywords: Solanaceae, varieties, grafting, Bt brinjal, integrated management.
Introduction to Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
  • Common names: Brinjal, Eggplant, Aubergine
  • Family: Solanaceae; Chromosome number: 2n=24
  • Origin: Indo-Burma region; major cultivation in Asia
  • Day-neutral, annual herbaceous plant
  • Rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients
Botanical Features
  • Plant: Erect, well-branched, large lobed leaves
  • Inflorescence: Solitary or clusters (cymose)
  • Flowers: Actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, hypogynous
  • Fruit: Berry; variable shape, size, and color
  • Heterostyly: Four flower types based on style length
Taxonomy and Species Diversity
  • Main species: Solanum melongena
  • Related species: S. incanum, S. integrifolium, S. nigrum, S. torvum, S. xanthocarpum
  • Botanical varieties: esculentum (round), serpentinum (long), depressum (dwarf)
  • Wild relatives offer resistance to diseases and pests
Origin, Distribution, and Production
  • Origin: Bengal plains (India), Indo-Burma region
  • Major producers: China (1st), India (2nd)
  • Leading Indian states: West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
  • Area (India, 2018-19): 0.72 million ha; Production: 12.68 million tonnes
Nutritional and Medicinal Value
  • Rich in Vitamin B, C, iodine, copper, iron, fiber
  • Contains solasodine (glycoalkaloid) responsible for bitterness
  • PUFA (linoleic, linolenic acids) aid cholesterol reduction
  • Varietal differences in nutrient content (e.g., purple: copper, green: iron)
Soil and Climate Requirements
  • Soil: Well-drained, fertile sandy-loam preferred; pH 5.5–6.6
  • Grows on light sand to heavy clay soils
  • Climate: Warm, frost-sensitive; optimal temperature 21–27Β°C
  • Poor growth and fruiting at low temperatures
Varieties and Hybrids
  • Wide variation in fruit shape, color, and size
  • Popular varieties: Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Round, Arka Sheel, Manjari Gota, MDU 1, CO 2
  • Hybrids: Arka Navneet, Pant Brinjal Hybrid 1, Co BH 1
  • Resistant/tolerant types: Bacterial wilt, shoot and fruit borer, little leaf
Seed Sowing and Nursery Management
  • Sowing time varies by region; main seasons: June–July, November
  • Seed rate: Varieties 400 g/ha; Hybrids 150–200 g/ha
  • Spacing: 45×45 cm (dwarf) to 90×90 cm (vigorous types)
  • Seed treatment: Trichoderma viride, Azospirillum
  • Nursery: Raised beds, shade net, cocopeat, neem cake, biofertilizers
Grafting in Brinjal
  • Rootstock: Solanum torvum commonly used
  • Advantages: Nematode and root rot resistance, higher yield, extended cropping
  • Ratooning possible after pruning
Cropping Systems and Intercropping
  • Brinjal fits well in crop rotations and intercropping
  • Leafy vegetables (spinach, amaranth) and root crops (carrot, radish) can be grown with brinjal
Nutrient Management
  • Basal dose (varieties): FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 50:50:30 kg/ha
  • Basal dose (hybrids): FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 100:150:100 kg/ha
  • Top dressing: 50–100 kg N/ha at 30 days after planting
  • Micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn) enhance flowering and fruiting
Irrigation and Water Management
  • Regular irrigation essential, especially during flowering and fruit set
  • Weekly intervals after establishment
  • Drip irrigation saves water and controls weeds
  • Keep soil moist during frost risk
Interculture, Weed Control, and Mulching
  • 3–4 hoeings and weedings for good growth
  • Earthing up essential on ridges
  • Orbanche sp. (root parasite) is a major weed
  • Pre-plant herbicides: Fluchloralin
  • Mulching (black LDPE, Sarkanda grass) conserves moisture and suppresses weeds
Role of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
  • 2,4-D (2 ppm) at flowering increases fruit set and yield
  • NAA, PCPA, 4-CPA promote fruit set and development
  • Root-dipping in GA3 + ascorbic acid advances flowering
  • Mixtalol spray enhances yield in some cultivars
Physiological Disorders
  • Calyx withering: Occurs mid-February to mid-April; linked to high Ca and nitrate
  • Poor fruit set: Due to prevalence of short/pseudo-short styled flowers
  • Control: 2 ppm 2,4-D or 60 ppm NAA at flowering
Harvesting and Yield
  • Harvest at immature, tender stage with glossy appearance
  • First picking: 120–130 days after sowing
  • Harvest interval: 8–10 days
  • Yield: 20–40 t/ha (open-pollinated), 40–80 t/ha (hybrids)
Pest and Disease Management
  • Shoot and fruit borer: Major pest; control with insecticides (Carbaryl, Monocrotophos)
  • Epilachna beetle, mealy bug, leaf hopper (vector for little leaf)
  • Diseases: Early blight, bacterial wilt, little leaf, mosaic virus
  • Integrated management: Resistant varieties, rouging, vector control
Advanced Technologies: Bt Brinjal and Brimato
  • Bt brinjal: Transgenic, contains cry1Ac gene for borer resistance
  • Developed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
  • Banned in India since 2010
  • Brimato: Grafting brinjal and tomato for dual harvest (IIVR, Varanasi)
Recent Research: Spacing, Fertigation, and Ratooning
  • Wider spacing (1 m x 1 m) and 100% RDF optimize yield and fruit size
  • Lower fertigation (75% RDF) reduces borer incidence
  • Ratooning: Cutting at 10–15 cm promotes rejuvenation and extended yield
Summary and Integrated Management
  • Select suitable varieties/hybrids for local conditions
  • Adopt recommended agronomic and nutrient practices
  • Use grafting and resistant varieties for pest/disease management
  • Implement integrated weed, water, and pest management
  • Utilize advances in biotechnology and crop management for higher productivity

Ppt on principles of seed production

Posted on by admin

Description

The preservation of genetic purity and the careful management of seed varieties are essential aspects of agricultural production. Genetic deterioration can occur through various mechanisms, impacting the quality and characteristics of crops over time. This deterioration can be attributed to factors such as developmental variation, mechanical mixing during harvesting, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, the effects of diseases, and the practices employed by plant breeders. Maintaining the integrity of seed varieties is crucial, particularly in environments where multiple factors may affect plant development. One of the primary challenges in preserving seed genetics is the mechanical mixing of varieties, which can occur during planting and harvesting. The inadvertent blending of different varieties leads to contamination, which can severely compromise genetic purity. Even subtle mutations can introduce unexpected variations that may be detrimental to a crop’s qualities. Therefore, diligent practices such as rogueingβ€”removing undesirable plantsβ€”are essential in seed production to mitigate these risks. Natural crossing is another significant risk factor, especially in cross-pollinated crops. Hybridization with off-type or diseased plants can lead to the unintended introduction of less desirable traits. While this is less of a concern in self-fertilizing crops, the implications can still be considerable. Strategies to prevent contamination include ensuring sufficient physical separation between different crops, thus minimizing the potential for cross-breeding. In an effort to address the deterioration of varieties stemming from environmental factors, crops should be cultivated in areas best suited to their adaptive traits and optimal growing conditions. Adaptation to specific climatic zones, soil types, and agricultural practices plays a critical role in maintaining genetic integrity. Intensive cultivation and the introduction of new crop varieties can also make them vulnerable to emerging diseasesβ€”thus, it’s vital that seed production adheres to rigorous disease management practices. Agronomic practices further complement the genetic maintenance strategies. Selecting appropriate agro-climatic regions and well-prepared seed plots can significantly impact the overall seed production process. Key steps such as seed treatment, planting, and the subsequent operational stages on the farm are vital for producing high-quality seeds. The timely and careful harvesting of seeds, as well as post-harvest care, also play pivotal roles in ensuring the seeds are safeguarded against contamination and degradation. Seed certification acts as a safeguard for maintaining genetic purity, involving a systematic approach to ensure that seeds possess the desired traits. Seed classes such as Breeder’s, Foundation, Registered, and Certified Seed each serve specific roles in the seed production continuum, ensuring genetic identity and purity are upheld throughout the generations of seed. Regular testing and inspection by qualified personnel help monitor these standards and ensure compliance with agricultural norms. Ultimately, maintaining genetic purity in seed production is not just a matter of productivity; it is fundamental to sustaining food security and agricultural biodiversity. With careful planning and execution of genetic management and agronomic practices, farmers can uphold the quality and reliability of their crop varieties for generations to come.

Slide 1

Slide 1⬇ Slide

Slide 2

Slide 2⬇ Slide

Slide 3

Slide 3⬇ Slide

Slide 4

Slide 4⬇ Slide

Slide 5

Slide 5⬇ Slide

Slide 6

Slide 6⬇ Slide

Slide 7

Slide 7⬇ Slide

Slide 8

Slide 8⬇ Slide

Slide 9

Slide 9⬇ Slide

Slide 10

Slide 10⬇ Slide

Slide 11

Slide 11⬇ Slide

Slide 12

Slide 12⬇ Slide

Slide 13

Slide 13⬇ Slide

Slide 14

Slide 14⬇ Slide

Slide 15

Slide 15⬇ Slide

Slide 16

Slide 16⬇ Slide

Slide 17

Slide 17⬇ Slide

Slide 18

Slide 18⬇ Slide

Slide 19

Slide 19⬇ Slide

Slide 20

Slide 20⬇ Slide

Slide 21

Slide 21⬇ Slide

Slide 22

Slide 22⬇ Slide

Slide 23

Slide 23⬇ Slide

Slide 24

Slide 24⬇ Slide
1 / 24

Ppt on Broad bean by harmanjeet

Posted on by admin

Description

Broad bean, scientifically known as Vicia faba L., belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family and is commonly referred to by various names, such as faba bean, horse bean, and bakla bean. This versatile crop is predominantly cultivated in South America and Northern India, where it thrives in cooler temperatures. Recognized for its hardiness, the broad bean serves multiple functions beyond providing food; it is also valued as green manure and as a winter and autumn crop. The morphological structure of broad beans is distinctive, featuring square and erect stems that vary in height from 30 cm in dwarf varieties to about 100 cm in taller ones. The plants produce clusters of pods, typically containing five to seven pods, each about 15 cm long and 2 cm thick. These plants bear large and attractive flowers that are primarily pollinated by insects, contributing to their reproductive success. There are numerous varieties of broad beans, categorized based on seed color and pod size. Seed color varieties include white-seeded types that are less soft and green-seeded types that are suitable for freezing due to their softer texture. When considering pod size, large podded varieties yield higher, ranging from 80-90 q/ha, while small podded varieties display smaller, fleshy pods. Prominent improved varieties include Pusa Sumeet from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, along with Masterpiece White Long Pod and Imperial Green Windsor, among others. Certain local selections, such as Jawahar Selection 73-31 from Madhya Pradesh and BR-1 and BR-2 from Bihar, demonstrate adaptability to regional growing conditions. Broad beans are particularly suited to cool climates, being the only crop that can be cultivated during winter and autumn. They can withstand low temperatures, even approaching -4Β°C, and are tolerant of temporary water stress due to the accumulation of proteins within the plant. Ideal soil for cultivation is well-drained, rich loamy soil with an optimal pH level between 6.5 and 7.5. Proper field preparation through repeated ploughing is essential to achieve fine tilth. Sowing of broad beans generally occurs between September to October and February to March, with a recommended seed rate of 70-100 kg per hectare. Seeds should be planted in shallow furrows spaced 75 cm apart, ensuring optimal growth conditions. Nutrient management is crucial, with a suggested application of 10 tons of farmyard manure per hectare, alongside nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer. Management practices also encompass irrigation and weed control, where light irrigation is carried out every 12-15 days and weeding is conducted at critical growth stagesβ€”25 and 40 days after sowing. Harvesting takes place 3-4 months after sowing for spring crops and 6-7 months for autumn crops, ideally when the pods reach the green-shell stage. The yield of broad beans typically ranges between 70-100 quintals per hectare. However, growers should remain vigilant against pests such as aphids and pod borers, as well as diseases like powdery mildew and anthracnose, which can threaten crop health. Overall, the broad bean stands out as a multi-purpose crop that contributes to food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Slide 1

Slide 1⬇ Download

Slide 2

Slide 2⬇ Download

Slide 3

Slide 3⬇ Download

Slide 4

Slide 4⬇ Download

Slide 5

Slide 5⬇ Download

Slide 6

Slide 6⬇ Download

Slide 7

Slide 7⬇ Download

Slide 8

Slide 8⬇ Download

Slide 9

Slide 9⬇ Download

Slide 10

Slide 10⬇ Download

Slide 11

Slide 11⬇ Download

Slide 12

Slide 12⬇ Download

Slide 13

Slide 13⬇ Download

Slide 14

Slide 14⬇ Download

Slide 15

Slide 15⬇ Download
1 / 15
Follow us on Social Media