Ppt on Introduction To Agroecology And Agroecosystems

This lecture provides an overview of the origins and development of Indian agriculture, tracing its beginnings from early plant cultivation and animal domestication around 9000 BCE. It highlights the evolution of agricultural practices, major crops, and the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy. Key concepts include the Neolithic Revolution, crop domestication, traditional farming systems, and the role of agriculture in rural livelihoods. Understanding these foundations is essential for competitive exams in agricultural sciences. Important keywords: Neolithic Revolution, domestication, traditional farming, Indian agriculture, rural economy.

Introduction to Indian Agriculture

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Indian agriculture began around 9000 BCE with early plant cultivation and animal domestication.
The Neolithic Revolution marked the transition from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian rural economy.
Major crops included wheat, barley, rice, and pulses.

Neolithic Revolution and Crop Domestication

The Neolithic Revolution introduced settled farming communities in the Indian subcontinent.
Domestication of crops like wheat, barley, and rice occurred in different regions.
Early evidence found in sites such as Mehrgarh and the Indus Valley.
Domestication of animals included cattle, sheep, and goats.

Traditional Farming Systems in India

Traditional systems include shifting cultivation, mixed cropping, and agroforestry.
Farming practices adapted to diverse agro-climatic zones.
Use of indigenous knowledge and local resources for sustainable agriculture.
Emphasis on crop rotation and organic manure.

Major Crops and Agricultural Regions

Major food crops: rice, wheat, maize, millets, and pulses.
Cash crops: cotton, sugarcane, jute, and oilseeds.
Distinct agro-climatic regions support crop diversity.
Green Revolution (1960s) increased productivity, especially in wheat and rice.

Significance of Agriculture in Indian Economy

Agriculture employs over 50% of India’s workforce.
Contributes about 15-18% to India’s GDP (as of 2020s).
Supports allied sectors: animal husbandry, fisheries, and forestry.
Key to food security and rural development.

Summary and Exam Points

Indian agriculture originated with early plant and animal domestication (~9000 BCE).
Neolithic Revolution enabled settled farming and rural societies.
Traditional systems remain important for sustainability.
Agriculture is vital for the Indian economy and rural livelihoods.

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